A. USE OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS / USO DE LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
singular: plural: | me nos | te os | se se |
Me encontré en un problema. | I found myself in trouble. |
Ella se cuida. | She takes care of herself. |
Nos estamos vistiendo. Estamos vistiéndonos. | } We are dressing (ourselves). |
No se quisieron ver. No quisieron verse. | } They refused to see each other (or themselves). |
Reflexives are placed in the same position as other object pronouns: immediately before a conjugated verb, or joined to the end of a gerund or infinitive.
The plural reflexive pronouns may mean either themselves or each other. Logic will normally indicate which is intended; a sentence such as Se escriben is more likely to mean "they write to each other" than "they write to themselves". If it is important to make clear which is meant, insert the adverb mutuamente or variations of entre sí, entre vosotros, entre nosotros, uno al otro, una a la otra, unas a las otras, etc.:
Se recuerdan a sí mismos. Se recuerdan uno al otro. Se recuerdan entre sí. | They remind themselves. They remember one another. They remember/remind each other. |
Spanish uses reflexive pronouns more frequently than English does. Whereas, for example, English says "I dressed," Spanish must say "I dressed myself" making it clear that the action is directed back at the subject. Here is a list of some common verbs used frequently with a reflexive pronoun. Nearly all of these verbs may be used as transitive verbswith other direct objects such as "I dressed the children", "I woke them up", etc., obviously without a reflexive pronoun.
acostarse (ue) casarse (con) despertarse (ie) divertirse (ie) levantarse sentarse (ie) vestirse (i) | to go to bed, to lie down to get married (to) to wake up to have fun, enjoy oneself to get up to sit down to get dressed |
Me levanté temprano. Acosté a los niños a las diez y yo me acosté más tarde. Divirtió mucho a sus compañeros; todos se divirtieron. Se bañó y también bañó al perro. | I got up early. I put the children to bed at ten and I went to bed later. He amused his classmates a lot; they all enjoyed themselves. She bathed (herself.) and she bathed the dog, too. |
Verbs like gustar (indirect object pronoun): | Verbs using reflexive pronouns: |
Me gustó la fiesta. Le fascinaban las estrellas. Nos encanta la mañana. Les interesa la astronomía. | Me divertí en la fiesta. Se acostaba bajo las estrellas. Nos levantamos por la mañana. Se interesan en la astronomía. |
B. VERBS USED REFLEXIVELY / VERBOS PRONOMINALES
There are a considerable number of verbs whose meanings change when used reflexively, although many can be used as transitive verbs, too. An interesting case is sentir, to feel, which takes a reflexive pronoun with adjectives andadverbs (se siente alegre, se siente bien), but not otherwise (siente alegría). Here are some other verbs (see alsoAppendix C):
comunicarse (con) dormirse (ue) enamorarse (de) esforzarse (por) (ue) irse llevarse preocuparse (por) quedarse quejarse (de) reunirse (con) | to communicate (with) (comunicar: to communicate something) to go to sleep (dormir: to sleep) to fall in love (with) (enamorar: to seduce) to make an effort to (only used reflexively) to go away, leave (ir: to go somewhere) to carry off something (llevar: to carry somewhere) to be worried (about) (preocupar: to worry someone) to stay (quedar: to remain, to be or have left). to complain (about) (only used reflexively) to get together in a meeting (reunir: to gather something) |
Se quieren comunicar contigo. ¿Vas a irte sin quejarte? Se enamoraron del perrito. Nos esforzábamos por entender. Dormí poco esta semana. | They want to get in touch with you. Are you leaving without complaining? They fell in love with the little dog. We were making an effort to understand. I didn’t sleep much this week. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Se van a quedar en San José porque no les queda tiempo. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
They are going to stay in San José because they don’t have any time left.
C. TO BECOME: HACERSE, PONERSE, VOLVERSE...
The Spanish equivalent of to become or to get + adjective is often a reflexive verb.
Some common examples (see also quedarse):
D. REFLEXIVE FOR POSSESSION
Spanish avoids the use of possessive adjectives with parts of the body, clothing, and personal items. Just use the definite article. Also, indirect object pronouns are often used to point in the direction of the person concerned:
When the action is directed toward oneself, a reflexive pronoun is used:
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